Substituted piperidines

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds having formula (I):  
                 
 
     and formula (II):  
                 
 
     wherein X, n, and R 1 -R 12  are defined herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) or (II) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The invention further provides a method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) or (II).

PRIORITY TO PROVISIONAL APPLICATION(S) UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119(e)

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of provisional application(s) Serial No. 60/454,387, filed on Mar. 13, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention provides a novel series of piperidines with cis-3,4-dialkoxy substitutions that are small molecule inhibitors of MDM2-p53 interaction. These compounds are useful in the treatment or control of cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] p53 is a tumor suppresser protein that plays a central role in protection against the development of cancer. p53 guards cellular integrity and prevents the propagation of permanently damaged clones of cells by the induction of growth arrest or apoptosis. At the molecular level, p53 is a transcription factor that can activate a panel of genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. p53 is a potent cell cycle inhibitor, which is tightly regulated by MDM2 at the cellular level. MDM2 and p53 form a feedback control loop. MDM2 can bind p53 and inhibit its ability to transactivate p53-regulated genes. In addition, MDM2 mediates the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p53. p53 can activate the expression of the MDM2 gene, thus raising the cellular level of MDM2 protein. This feedback control loop insures that both MDM2 and p53 are kept at a low level in normal proliferating cells. MDM2 is also a cofactor for E2F, which plays a central role in cell cycle regulation.

[0004] The ratio of MDM2 to p53 (E2F) is dysregulated in many cancers. Frequently occurring molecular defects in the p16INK4/p19ARF locus, for instance, have been shown to affect MDM2 protein degradation. Inhibition of MDM2-p53 interaction in tumor cells with wild-type p53 should lead to accumulation of p53, cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. MDM2 antagonists, therefore, can offer a novel approach to cancer therapy as single agents or in combination with a broad spectrum of other antitumor therapies. The feasibility of this strategy has been shown by the use of different macromolecular tools for inhibition of MDM2-p53 interaction (e.g. antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, peptides). MDM2 also binds E2F through a conserved binding region as p53 and activates E2F-dependent transcription of cyclin A, suggesting that MDM2 antagonists might have effects in p53 mutant cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention provides a compound represented by formula (I):

[0006] wherein

[0007] n is an integer independently selected from 1 or 2;

[0008] X is halogen;

[0009] R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lower alkyl, and lower alkyl substituted by carbonyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxy;

[0010] R₂-R₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, —C(CH₃)₃, CF₃, —OCH₃, —NO₂, and —CN; and

[0011] R₇-R₁₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, CF₃, —OCH₃, —COOCH₃, and —C₆H₅;

[0012] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0013] The present invention also provides a compound represented by formula (II):

[0014] wherein

[0015] n is an integer from 1 to 2;

[0016] X is halogen;

[0017] R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lower alkyl, and lower alkyl substituted by carbonyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxy; and

[0018] R₁₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alkenyl having from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms;

[0019] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0020] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) or (II) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The invention further provides a method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) or (II).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The present invention provides a novel series of small molecule inhibitors of MDM2-p53 interaction, piperidines with cis-3,4-dialkoxy substitutions, which have been tested in ELISA assays. The most potent compounds in this series have been shown to inhibit interaction of MDM2 protein with a p53-like peptide with a potency that is approximately the same as a p53-derived peptide. Binding of these compounds to the p53-binding pocket of MDM2 protein has been confirmed by NMR studies of selected compounds in this series as well as fragments of these compounds. These compounds have been shown to bind the same binding pockets as cis-imidazolines, which have demonstrated clear mechanistic activity in cell-based assays as well as antiproliferative activity against wild-type-p53 containing tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore these compounds are useful as anticancer agents.

[0022] As used herein, the following terms have the given meanings:

[0023] “Alkenyl” means a straight-chain or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, for example, vinyl, 2-butenyl, and 3-methyl-2-butenyl.

[0024] “Carbonyl” means a divalent —CO— radical.

[0025] “Effective amount” means an amount that is effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated.

[0026] “Halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

[0027] “Hydroxy” means a monovalent —OH group.

[0028] “IC₅₀” means a concentration of a particular compound required to inhibit 50% of a specific measured activity. IC₅₀ can be measured, inter alia, as is described subsequently.

[0029] “Lower alkyl group” means a straight-chained or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. Typical lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.

[0030] “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to conventional acid-addition salts or base-addition salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of the present invention and are formed from suitable non-toxic organic or inorganic acids or organic or inorganic bases. Sample acid-addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid, and those derived from organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, and the like. Sample base-addition salts include those derived from ammonium, potassium, sodium and, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, such as for example, tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Chemical modification of a pharmaceutical compound (i.e. drug) into a salt is a technique well known to pharmaceutical chemists to obtain improved physical and chemical stability, hygroscopicity, flowability and solubility of compounds. See, e.g., H. Ansel et. al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (6th Ed. 1995) at pp. 196 and 1456-1457.

[0031] “Pharmaceutically acceptable,” such as pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, etc., means pharmacologically acceptable and substantially non-toxic to the subject to which the particular compound is administered.

[0032] “Substituted,” as in substituted alkyl, means that the substitution can occur at one or more positions and, unless otherwise indicated, that the substituents at each substitution site are independently selected from the specified options.

[0033] “Sulfonyl” means the bivalent radical —SO₂—.

[0034] “Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of at least one compound of formula (I) or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which significantly inhibits proliferation and/or prevents differentiation of a human tumor cell, including human tumor cell lines.

[0035] Compounds of the present invention as exemplified advantageously show IC₅₀ values from about 3 μM to about 100 μM.

[0036] The compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment or control of cell proliferative disorders, in particular, oncological disorders. These compounds and formulations containing the compounds may be useful in the treatment or control of solid tumors, such as, for example, breast, colon, lung and prostate tumors.

[0037] A therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with this invention means an amount of compound that is effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is within the skill in the art.

[0038] The therapeutically effective amount or dosage of a compound according to this invention can vary within wide limits and may be determined in a manner known in the art. Such dosage will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case including the specific compound(s) being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, as well as the patient being treated. In general, in the case of oral or parenteral administration to adult humans weighing approximately 70 Kg, a daily dosage of about 10 mg to about 10,000 mg, preferably from about 200 mg to about 1,000 mg, should be appropriate, although the upper limit may be exceeded when indicated. The daily dosage can be administered as a single dose or in divided doses, or for parenteral administration, it may be given as continuous infusion.

[0039] In accordance with the present invention, a compound is provided represented by formula (I):

[0040] wherein

[0041] n is an integer independently selected from 1 or 2;

[0042] X is halogen;

[0043] R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lower alkyl, and lower alkyl substituted by carbonyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxy;

[0044] R₂-R₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, —C(CH₃)₃, CF₃, —OCH₃, —NO₂, and —CN; and

[0045] R₇-R₁₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, CF₃, —OCH₃, —COOCH₃, and —C₆H₅;

[0046] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, n is 1.

[0048] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, X is chloro or fluoro; more preferably chloro. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, X is a para substituent.

[0049] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —COCH₃, —COCH₂CH₃, —CH₂CHOHCH₂OH, and —SO₂CH₃; more preferably R₁ is hydrogen.

[0050] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₂ and R₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen; more preferably hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

[0051] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₃ and R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —CN, and —NO₂; more preferably R₃ and R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

[0052] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₄ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —C(CH₃)₃, —CH₃, —CN, and —CF₃; more preferably R₄ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

[0053] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₇ and R₁₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, and —C₆H₅; more preferably R₇ and R₁₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

[0054] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₈ and R₁₀ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —CN, —NO₂, and —OCH₃; more preferably R₈ and R₁₀ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

[0055] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₉ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —OCH₃, —CN, —CF₃, and —COOCH₃; more preferably R₉ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.

[0056] Preferred compounds having formula (I) include:

[0057] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0058] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0059] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(biphenyl-2-ylmethoxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0060] cis-[rac]-4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile;

[0061] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0062] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0063] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0064] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0065] cis-[rac]-4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzoic acid methyl ester;

[0066] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,5-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0067] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0068] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,5-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0069] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0070] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0071] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0072] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0073] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0074] cis-[rac]-2-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile;

[0075] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile;

[0076] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperdine;

[0077] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-but-2-enyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0078] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-pent-2-enyloxy-piperidine;

[0079] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0080] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-butoxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0081] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0082] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0083] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0084] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0085] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0086] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,4,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0087] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,5-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0088] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,6-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0089] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,6-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0090] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(3-methoxy-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0091] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,3,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0092] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0093] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2-fluoro-3-methyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0094] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0095] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0096] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0097] cis-[rac]-4-(2-Chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0098] cis-[rac]-4-(2-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0099] cis-[rac]-4-(4-tert-Butyl-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0100] cis-[rac]-4-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile;

[0101] cis-[rac]-4-(3-Chloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0102] cis-[rac]-4-(3-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0103] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0104] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(3,5-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0105] cis-[rac]-4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0106] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2,3-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0107] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0108] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(3-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0109] cis-[rac]-3-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile;

[0110] cis-[rac]-4-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0111] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-methyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0112] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0113] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine;

[0114] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0115] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0116] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0117] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,5-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethianone;

[0118] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0119] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0120] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0121] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0122] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0123] cis-[rac]-3-[1-Acetyl-4-benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile;

[0124] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0125] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0126] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0127] cis-[rac]-1-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone;

[0128] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one;

[0129] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one;

[0130] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidine;

[0131] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-1-ethyl-piperidine;

[0132] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-1-propyl-piperidine;

[0133] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propane-1,2-diol;

[0134] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-propane-1,2-diol; and

[0135] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-methane sulfonyl.

[0136] Further in accordance with the present invention, a compound is provided having formula (II):

[0137] wherein

[0138] n is an integer from 1 to 2;

[0139] X is halogen;

[0140] R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lower alkyl, and lower alkyl substituted by carbonyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxy; and

[0141] R₁₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alkenyl having from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms;

[0142] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0143] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, n is 1.

[0144] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, X is chloro or fluoro; more preferably chloro. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, X is apara substituent.

[0145] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —COCH₃, —COCH₂CH₃, —CH₂CHOHCH₂OH, and —SO₂CH₃; more preferably R₁ is hydrogen.

[0146] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, R₁₂ is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)₃CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH₃, —CH₂CH═CHCH₃, and —CH₂CH═CH CH₂CH₃.

[0147] Preferred compounds having formula (II) include:

[0148] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-butyloxy-piperidine;

[0149] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-pentyloxy-piperidine;

[0150] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(but-2-en)yloxy-piperidine; and

[0151] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(pent-2-enyl)oxy-piperidine.

[0152] Other preferred compounds having formula (II) include:

[0153] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-butyloxy-piperidine;

[0154] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-pentyloxy-piperidine;

[0155] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(but-2-en)yloxy-piperidine; and

[0156] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(pent-2-enyl)oxy-piperidine.

[0157] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) or (II) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The invention further provides a method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) or (II). Preferably, the cancer is breast or colon cancer.

[0158] The compounds of the present invention, and intermediates thereof, can be prepared according to the schemes set out below. Starting materials are made using known procedures or as illustrated. The abbreviations used in the descriptions of the schemes, preparations, and the examples are set out below.

[0159] ACE-Cl=1-chloroethyl chloroformate (Aldrich)

[0160] BEMP=2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethyl-perhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine (Fluka)

[0161] Boc=tert-butyloxycarbonyl

[0162] t-BuOK=potassium tert-butoxide

[0163] CH₂Cl₂=dichloromethane

[0164] DCE=1,2-dichloroethane

[0165] DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide

[0166] Et₂O=diethyl ether

[0167] EtOH=ethanol

[0168] H₂SO₄=sulfuric acid

[0169] HCl=hydrogen chloride

[0170] H₂O=water

[0171] MeOH=methanol

[0172] NaH=sodium hydride

[0173] NMO=N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide

[0174] NMP=1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

[0175] OSO₄=osmium tetroxide

[0176] Polymer (supported) BEMP=2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethyl-perhydro-1,3,2- diazaphosphorine supported by polystyrene resin (Fluka)

[0177] i-Pr₂NEt=N, N-diisopropylethylamine

[0178] TEA=triethylamine

[0179] TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

[0180] THF=tetrahydrofuran

[0181] Schemes 1-3 outline a general method for preparing compounds of the invention having formula (I) and (II) using a novel solid phase synthesis. Scheme 4 outlines a general method for preparing the compounds in solution phase. Scheme 5 illustrates various methods for modifying the R₁ group using a novel polymer supported reagent.

[0182] In Scheme 1, the protection of a secondary amine of a commercially available 4-aryl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine is outlined. The preferred protecting group is a tert-butyloxycarbonyl, which can be synthesized from known procedures (Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M, 2^(nd) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, N. Y. 1991). For liquid phase synthesis, the resulting tert-butyl ester can be treated with OsO₄/NMO to form the dihydroxy intermediate A. Selective o-alkylation of intermediate A at C3 can be carried out using NaH and 4-methoxybenzyl chloride. The resulting intermediate can be benzylated according to known methods. Deprotection of both 4-methoxylbenzyl and tert-butyloxycarbonyl groups using 50% TFA/CH₂Cl₂ yields 4-aryl-4-benzyloxy-3-hydroxypiperidine B. For solid phase synthesis, the resulting piperidine B can be coupled to a suitable linker, such as a chloromethyl derivative ArgoPore-Cl linker (Argonaut). Alkylation on solid phase can be accomplished using t-BuOK to generate the anion followed by coupling with various alkyl halides (RX). The final reaction product can be cleaved from the N-benzyl linked tertiary amine linker using alpha-chloroethyl chloroformat (ACE-Cl)/MeOH to give the piperidine compounds of the invention (Leysen, D. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 2915-2918).

[0183] In Scheme 2, a general method is outlined for preparing compounds of formula (I) that feature functionalized R groups derived from intermediate A in Scheme 1. Intermediate A can be converted to 4-aryl-3-benzyloxy-3-hydroxypiperidine via alkylation at C3 using NaH and benzylbromide followed by acidic deprotection of a tert-butyloxycarbonyl group. The subsequent synthesis on solid phase can be accomplished to yield the piperidine compounds of the invention following the described reactions set out in Scheme 1.

[0184] In Scheme 3, deprotection of a tert-butyloxycarbonyl from intermediate A can be carried out using 50% TFA/CH₂CI₂. The synthesis on solid phase commences with the coupling of the resulting 4-aryl-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine with a ArgoPore-Cl linker. Dialkylation using t-BuOK and alkyl halides (RX) followed by cleavage of the polymer support according to the described conditions affords the piperidine compounds of the invention.

[0185] In Scheme 4, a general synthetic method is outlined for preparing compounds of formula (I) and (II) in solution phase. Sequential alkylation of intermediate A using NaH and alkyl halides followed by acidic deprotection of tert-butyloxycarbonyl provides the piperidine compounds of the invention.

[0186] In Scheme 5, a general method is outlined for the post-modification of intermediate C. The secondary amine of intermediate C can be treated with a variety of agents such as acyl chlorides, alkyl halides, and sulfonyl chlorides to form the corresponding amide, tert-amine, or sulfonamide. The intermediate C can also be allylated using polymer support BEMP and allyl iodide to form the N-allyl substituted intermediate, which can be further treated with OsO₄/NMO to form 3-propane-1,2-diol-substituted piperidines of the invention.

[0187] The compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the examples below. The examples are presented for purposes of demonstrating, but not limiting, the preparation of the compounds and compositions of this invention.

EXAMPLES

[0188] The inhibitory activity (IC₅₀) of the compounds prepared in the examples below, and represented by formula (I) or (II), is in the range of 3 μM to 100 μM.

Example 1

[0189] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

[0190] 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (Lancaster, 1.00 g, 4.35 mmol), triethylamine (0.92 g, 9.13 mmol), and di-tert-butyl carbonate (Aldrich, 1.04 g, 4.78 mmol) were combined in dichloromethane (100 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (30 mL), water (30 mL), saturated sodium chloride solution (30 mL) and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.41 g, 100%) of as a viscous yellow oil, which was used without further purification. 4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (334 mg, 1.14 mmoL) was dissolved in acetone/water (1:1, 10 mL), and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (Aldrich, 462 mg, 3.42 mmoL) and a catalytic amount of osmium tetroxide (Aldrich) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (2 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and water (5 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (364 mg, 1.11 mmol, 97%) as a yellow oil.

Example 2

[0191] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

[0192] To an ice-cold suspension of sodium hydride (62 mg, 2.6 mmoL) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran/N,N-dimethylformamide (4/1, 4 mL) was added dropwise a solution of cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 1, 340 mg, 1.04 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran/N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL, 4/1). After the addition was complete, the mixture was stirred with ice cooling for 15 minutes. Then 3,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride (Aldrich, 239 mg, 1.14 mmol) was added, and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 20 hours. The mixture was poured into a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (30 mL), and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×20 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (1×20 mL), and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a viscous oil (500 mg), which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography (Merck silica gel 60, 230 to 400 mesh) to afford cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-4-hydroxypiperidine- I -carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (310 mg, 61%) as a colorless oil.

Example 3

[0193] cis-[rac]-4-(Benzyloxy)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

[0194] To an ice cold solution of cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 2, 224 mg, 0.46 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) was added sodium hydride (22 mg, 0.92 mmol) portionwise. After stirring with ice cooling for ten minutes, benzyl bromide (86 mg, 0.51 mmol) was added followed by N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 mL). The cooling bath was removed, and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. Several drops of methanol were added, and the mixture was stirred and room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (30 mL) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution (15 mL). The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3×30 mL), saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (15 mL) and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give cis-[rac]-4-(benzyloxy)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (240 mg), which was used without further purification.

Example 4

[0195] cis-[rac]-4-(Benzyloxy)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-piperidine hydrochloride

[0196] Crude cis-[rac]-4-(benzyloxy)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 3, 240 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous diethyl ether (10 mL). The mixture was cooled in an ice bath, and hydrogen chloride gas was passed through the solution for 10 minutes. The reaction vessel was tightly stoppered and stored at 0° C. for 24 hours. The precipitated solid was collected and washed with diethyl ether to afford cis-[rac]-4-(benzyloxy)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-piperidine hydrochloride as a white solid (130 mg, 55%). HR-FAB m/e calcd for C₂₄H₂₄NO₂Cl: [M+H]⁺ 476.0952, found 476.0931.

Example 5

[0197] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

[0198] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester was prepared from cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 1) and 4-methoxybenzyl chloride (Aldrich) following the procedures used in Examples 2 and 3, which was used without purification.

Example 6

[0199] cis-[rac]-4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-hydroxypiperidine

[0200] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-methoxy-benzyloxy)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 5, 550 mg, 1.02 mmol) was dissolved in 50% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane (10 mL). After stirring 1.5 hours, the solution was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was triturated in 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane to provide cis-[rac]-4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-hydroxypiperidine (150 mg) as a white powder. Mass spectrum (ES) [M+CH₃CN]⁺=359.

Example 7

[0201] Resin-bound cis-[rac]-4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-hydroxypiperidine

[0202] A mixture of cis-[rac]-4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-hydroxypiperidine (Example 6, 7.3 g, 23 mmol), ArgoPore-Cl resin (16 g, 15.3 mmol, loading capacity: 0.96 mmol from Argonaut Inc.), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (13 mL, 76.7 mmol) in N-methylpyrrolinone (12 mL) was heated at 60° C. overnight. The resin was filtered and washed successively with CH₂Cl₂, and MeOH. The resin was dried at 40° C./high vacuum overnight to provide resin-bound 4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-hydroxypiperidine.

Example 8

[0203] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-substituted piperidine library:

[0204] General Procedure

[0205] To a suspension of resin-bound cis-[rac]-4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-hydroxypiperidine (Example 7, 200 mg, 0.192 mmol, loading capacity: 0.96 mmol/g) and alkyl halide (RX, 0.58 mmol) in 4:1 THF:DMF solution (2 mL) was added potassium t-butoxide (0.77 M in THF; 1 mL, 0.77 mmol). After stirring at room temperature overnight, the resin was filtered and washed successively with N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether. The resin was dried at 40° C./high vacuum overnight. 1-Chloroethyl chloroformate (0.2 mL, 1.9 mmol) was added to the resin in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL). After shaking 4 hours at room temperature, the resin was filtered off and washed with 1,2-dichloroethane (3×2 mL). The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo. Dry methanol (2 mL) was added to the residue and the solution was heated at 60° C. for 3 hours. The solution was evaporated in vacuo to provide the desired product.

[0206] In the manner described above, the following compounds were prepared. Starting Material: Mass Spectrum Example Alkyl halide (RX) Product Nomenclature (ES) 8A 3,4-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3,4-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 444 8B 2,6-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 444 8C 2-PHENYLBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(biphenyl-2- ylmethoxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidine 484 8D ALPHA-BROMO-P- TOLUNITRILE (Aldrich)

4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-3- yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile 433 8E 3-NITROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3-nitro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 453 8F 3-BROMOBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-bromo- benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidine 487 8G 2,4-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,4-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 444 8H 2-CHLORO-4- FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(2-chloro-4- fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- chloro-phenyl)-piperidine 460 8I METHYL 4- (BROMOMETHYL) BENZOATE (Aldrich)

4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-3- yloxymethyl]-benzoic acid methyl ester 466 8J 3,5-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3,5-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 444 8K 3-CHLORO-2- FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-chloro-2- fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- chloro-phenyl)-piperidine 460 8L 2,5-DICHLOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,5-dichloro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 477 8M 2,3-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,3-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 444 8N 4-(TRIFLUORO- METHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(4-trifluoromethyl- benzyloxy)-piperidine 476 8O 4-FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 426 8P 4-BROMOBENZYL- BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo- benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidine 487 8Q 3-FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 426 8R ALPHA-BROMO-O- TOLUNITRILE (Aldrich)

2-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-3- yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile 433 8S ALPHA-BROMO-M- TOLUNITRILE (Aldrich)

3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-3- yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile 433 8T 4,5-DIMETHOXY-2- NITROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(4,5-dimethoxy-2- nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine 513 8U CROTYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-3-but-2- enyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)- piperidine 372 8V 1-BROMO-2-PENTENE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-pent-2-enyloxy- piperidine 386 8W 2,3,6-TRIFLUORO- BENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,3,6-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 462 8X 1-IODOBUTANE (Aldrich)

4-Benzyloxy-3-butoxy-4-(4- chloro-phenyl)-piperidine 374 8Y 4-CHLORO-2- FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Maybridge)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-chloro-2- fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- chloro-phenyl)-piperidine 460 8Z 4-BROMO-2- FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Maybridge)

4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-2- fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- chloro-phenyl)-piperidine 505   8Aa 2,4,6-TRIFLUORO- BENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 462  8Ab 2,4,5-TRIFLUORO- BENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 462   8Ac 2,3,4-TRIFLUORO- BENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 462

Example 9

[0207] cis-[rac]-3-benzyloxy-4,4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxyl piperidine

[0208] cis-[rac]-3-benzyloxy-4,4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxy]piperidine was prepared from cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 1) and benzyl bromide (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Examples 2 and 6.

Example 10

[0209] Resin-bound cis-[rac]-3-benzyloxy-4,4-1(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxy]piperidine

[0210] This resin-bound compound was prepared from cis-[rac]-3-benzyloxy-4,4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxy]piperidine (Example 9) following the procedure used in Example 7.

Example 11

[0211] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-substituted piperidine library:

[0212] General Procedure

[0213] cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-substituted piperidine was prepared from resin-bound cis-[rac]-3-benzyloxy-4,4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxy]piperidine (Example 10) and alkyl bromide following the procedure used in Example 8.

[0214] In the manner described above, the following compounds were prepared. Starting Material: Mass Spectrum Example Alkyl halide (RX) Product Nomenclature (ES) 11A 2,4,6-TRIFLUORO BENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2,4,6-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 462 11B 2,5-DICHLOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2,5-dichloro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 477 11C 2,6-DICHLOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2,6-dichloro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 477 11D 2,6-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2,6-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 444 11E 3-METHOXYBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(3-methoxy- benzyloxy)-piperidine 438 11F 2,3,6-TRIFLUORO BENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2,3,6-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 462 11G 2-FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2-fluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 426 11H 2-FLUORO-3- METHYLBENZYL BROMIDE (Maybridge)

3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-4-(2-fluoro-3-methyl- benzyloxy)-piperidine 440

Example 12

[0215] Resin-bound 3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-4,4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxy]piperidine

[0216] This resin-bound compound was prepared following the procedure used in Examples 2, 6, and 7.

Example 13

[0217] 4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-substituted piperidine:

[0218] General Procedure

[0219] 4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-substituted piperidine was prepared from resin-bound 3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-4,4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-hydroxy]piperidine (Example 12) and alkyl bromide following the procedure used in Example 8.

[0220] In the manner described above, the following compounds were prepared. Starting Material: Mass Spectrum Example Alkyl halide (RX) Product Nomenclature (ES) 13A 4-FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidme 496 13B 4-BROMOBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(4-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4- (4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 556 13C 2,4-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2,4- difluoro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 514 13D 2-CHLORO-4- FLUOROBENZYLBRO- MIDE (Lancaster)

4-(2-Chloro-4-fluoro- benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 530 13E 2-BROMOBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(2-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4- (4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 556 13F 4-(TERT-BUTYL)BENZYL BROMIDE (Fluka)

4-(4-tert-Butyl-benzyloxy)- 4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 533 13G ALPHA-BROMO-P- TOLUNITRILE (Aldrich)

4-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3- (3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]- benzonitrile 502 13H 3-CHLOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(3-Chloro-benzyloxy)-4- (4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 512 13I 3-BROMOBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(3-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4- (4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 556 13J 2-FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2- fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine 496 13K 3,5-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(3,5- difluoro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 514 13L 3-CHLORO-2- FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Lancaster)

4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoro- benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro- benzyloxy)-piperidine 530 13M 2,3-DIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2,3- difluoro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 514 13N 4-(TRIFLUORO- METHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)- piperidine 546 13O 3-FLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(3- fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine 496 13P ALPHA-BROMO-M- TOLUNITRILE (Aldrich)

3-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3- (3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]- benzonitrile 503 13Q 2-CHLOROBENZYL BROMIDE (Aldrich)

4-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-4- (4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)- piperidine 512 13R 4-METHYLBENZYL BROMIDE (Fluka)

4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4- methyl-benzyloxy)- piperidine 492

Example 14

[0221] Resin-bound cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol

[0222] This resin-bound compound was prepared from cis-[rac]-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 1) following the procedure used in Example 6 and 7.

Example 15

[0223] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine

[0224] To a suspension of resin-bound 4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol (Example 14, 200 mg, 0.192 mmol, loading capacity: 0.96 mmol/g) and 2,4-difluorobenzyl bromide (Lancaster, 1.54 mmol) in 4:1 THF:DMF solution (2 mL) was added potassium t-butoxide (0.77 M in THF; 1 mL, 0.77 mmol). After stirring at room temperature overnight, the resin was filtered and washed successively with N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether. The resin was dried at 40° C./high vacuum overnight. 1-Chloroethyl chloroformate (0.2 mL, 1.9 mmol) was added to the resin in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL). After shaking 4 hours at room temperature, the resin was filtered off and washed with 1,2-dichloroethane (3×2 mL). The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo. Dry methanol (2 mL) was added to the residue and the solution was heated at 60° C. for 3 hours. The solution was evaporated in vacuo to provide the desired product. Mass spectrum (ES) M⁺=480.

Example 16

[0225] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine

[0226] cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine was prepared from resin-bound 4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-piperidine-3,4-diol (Example 14) and 3-nitrobenzyl bromide (Lancaster) following the procedure used in Example 15. Mass spectrum (ES) M⁺=498.

Example 17

[0227] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-substituted-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone library:

[0228] General Procedure

[0229] A mixture of 4,4-[benzyloxy-(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-aryloxypiperidine (Example 8, 0.012 mmol), polymer-supported BEMP (10 mg, 0.023 mmol, loading capacity: 2.3 mmol/g from Fluka Inc.), and acetyl chloride (0.01 mL, 0.14 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was shaken at room temperature overnight. The resin was filtered and washed successively with CH₂Cl₂, and MeOH. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to provide the desired product.

[0230] In the manner described above, the following compounds were prepared. Mass Spectrum Example Starting Material Product Nomenclature (ES) 17A Example 8G

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,4-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- etbanone 486 17B Example 8F

1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-bromo- benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 530 17C Example 8H

1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(2-chloro-4- fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 502 17D Example 8D

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3,5-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 486 17E Example 8K

1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-chloro-2- fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-1-yI]- ethanone 502 17F Example 4

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 518 17G Example 8O

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 468 17H Example 8P

1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo- benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 530 17I Example 8Q

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 468 17J Example 8S

3-[1-Acetyl-4-benzyloxy-4-(4- chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3- yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile 475 17K Example 8B

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 486 17L Example 8E

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)- piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone 495 17M Example 8Ac

1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro- phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro- benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]- ethanone 504 17N Example 13J

1-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4- dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2- fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1- yl]-ethanone 538

Example 18

[0231] cis-[rac]--[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one

[0232] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one was prepared from 4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine (Example 8Ad) and propionyl chloride (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 17. Mass spectrum (ES) M⁺=518.

Example 19

[0233] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one

[0234] cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one was prepared from cis-[rac]-4-(benzyloxy)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-piperidine (Example 4) following the procedure used in Example 18. Mass spectrum (ES) M⁺=533.

Example 20

[0235] Resin-bound cis-[rac]-4-benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-ol

[0236] This resin-bound compound was prepared from 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (Acros) following the procedure used in Examples 1, 5, 6, and 7.

Example 21

[0237] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidine

[0238] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidine was prepared from resin-bound cis-[rac]-4-benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-ol (Example 20) and 4-bromobenzyl bromide (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 8. Mass spectrum (ES) MH⁺=471.

Example 22

[0239] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-pentyloxy-piperidine

[0240] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-pentyloxy-piperidine was prepared from resin-bound cis-[rac]-4-benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-ol (Example 20) and 1-iodopentane (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 8. Mass spectrum (ES) MH⁺=372.

Example 23

[0241] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-1-ethyl-piperidine

[0242] A mixture of 4-benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine (Example 4, 0.01 mmol), polymer-supported BBMP (6.5 mg, 0.015 mmol, loading capacity: 2.3 mmol/g from Fluka Inc.), iodoethane (Aldrich, 0.015 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was shaken at room temperature overnight. The resin was filtered and washed successively with CH₂Cl₂, and MeOH. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to provide the desired product. Mass spectrum (ES) MH⁺=506.

Example 24

[0243] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benloxy)-1-propyl-piperidine

[0244] cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-1-propyl-piperidine was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine (Example 4) and 1-iodopropane (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 23. Mass spectrum (ES) M⁺=519.

Example 25

[0245] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propane-1,2-diol

[0246] A mixture of 4-benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine (Example 8Ac, 6 mg, 0.013 mmol), polymer-supported BEMP (10 mg, 0.023 mmol, loading capacity: 2.3 mmol/g from Fluka Inc.), allyl iodide (Aldrich, 3 uL, 0.003 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was shaken at room temperature for 2 hours. The resin was filtered and washed successively with CH₂Cl₂, and MeOH. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo. Without purification, the residue was dissolved in 9:1 acetone/water solution (1 mL). To the solution was added osmium tetroxide (Aldrich, 10 μL, 0.008 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide (Aldrich, 12 mg, 0.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight and Na₂SO₃ was added. After stirring for 2 hours, the mixture was filtered through a silica gel pad. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to provide the desired product. Mass spectrum (ES) M⁺=536.

Example 26

[0247] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-propane-1,2-diol

[0248] This compound was prepared from 4-benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine (Example 8P) followed the procedure used in Example 25. Mass spectrum (ES) MH⁺=562.

Example 27

[0249] cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-methane sulfonyl

[0250] To a solution of 4-benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine (Example 8Ac, 4 mg, 0.008 mmol) and triethylamine (6 uL, 0.08 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.5 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise methanesulfonyl chloride (Aldrich, 2.5 uL, 0.015 mmol). After stirring for 2 hours, the mixture was filtered through an amino silica gel pad (Silicycle). The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to provide the desired product. Mass spectrum (ES) MH⁺=541.

Example 28

[0251] In Vitro Activity Assay

[0252] The ability of the substituted piperidine compounds of the invention to inhibit the interaction between p53 and MDM2 proteins was measured by an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) in which recombinant GST-tagged MDM2 binds to a peptide that resembles the MDM2-interacting region of p53 (Böttger et al., J. Mol. Bio. 1997, Vol. 269, pgs. 744-756). This peptide is immobilized to the surface of a 96 well plate via N-terminal biotin, which binds to streptavidin-coated wells. MDM2 is added to each well in the presence of anti-MDM2 mouse monoclonal antibody (SMP-14, Santa Cruz Biotech). After removal of the unbound MDM2 protein, a peroxydase-linked secondary antibody (anti-mouse IgG, Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and the amount of peptide-bound MDM2 is determined calorimetrically by the addition of a peroxydase substrate (MTB Microwell Peroxydase Substrate System, Kirkegaard & Perry Labs).

[0253] Test plates were prepared by coating with streptavidin (5 mg/ml in PBS) for 2 hours followed by a PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) wash and overnight blocking with 150 ill of blocking buffer containing 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (Sigma) and 0.05% Tween 20 (Sigma) in PBS at 4° C. Biotinylated peptide (1 μM) is added to each well in 50 μl of blocking buffer and washed extensively after a 1-hour incubation. Test compounds were diluted in a separate 96 well plate and added in triplicate to a compound incubation plate containing a mix of the MDM2 protein and anti-MDM2 antibody. After 20 minutes incubation, the content of the plate is transferred to the test plate and incubated for an additional 1 hour. The secondary anti-mouse IgG antibody is added to the test plate preceded and followed by a triple wash with 0.05% Tween 20 in PBS. Finally, peroxydase substrate is added to each well and the absorption was read using a plate reader (MR_(7000,) Dynatech) at 450 nm. The inhibitory activity of the test compounds was measured as a percentage of the bound MDM2 in treated vs. untreated wells and IC₅₀ was calculated.

[0254] The inhibitory activity (IC₅₀) of the compounds prepared in the examples above, and represented by formula (I) or (II), is in the range of 3 μM to 100 μM.

[0255] While a number of embodiments of this invention have been represented, it is apparent that the basic construction can be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims rather than the specific embodiments that have been presented by way of example. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound represented by formula (I):

wherein n is an integer independently selected from 1 or 2; X is halogen; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lower alkyl, and lower alkyl substituted by carbonyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxy; R₂-R₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, —C(CH₃)₃, CF₃, —OCH₃, —NO₂, and —CN; and R₇-R₁₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, CF₃, —OCH₃, —COOCH₃, and —C₆H₅; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein n is
 1. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is chloro.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is apara substituent.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —COCH₃, —COCH₂CH₃, —CH₂CHOHCH₂OH, and —SO₂CH₃.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ and R₆ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, and bromo.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₃ and R₅ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —CN, and —NO₂.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —C(CH₃)₃, —CH₃, —CN, and —CF₃.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₇ and R₁₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, —CN, —NO₂, and —C₆H₅.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₈ and R₁₀ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —CN, —NO₂, and —OCH₃.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₉ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, —OCH₃, —CN, —CF₃, and —COOCH₃.
 12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(biphenyl-2-ylmethoxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzoic acid methyl ester; and cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,5-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,5-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-2-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile; cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile; and cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-but-2-enyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-pent-2-enyloxy-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-butoxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4,5-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,4,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,5-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,6-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,6-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(3-methoxy-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2,3,6-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-3-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-(2-fluoro-3-methyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 16. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(4-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(2-Chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(2-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(4-tert-Butyl-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile; cis-[rac]-4-(3-Chloro-benzyloxy)-4-(⁴-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(3-Bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 17. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(3,5-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(3-Chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2,3-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(3-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-4-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile; cis-[rac]-4-(2-Chloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-methyl-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 18. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3,4-bis-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidine.
 19. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,4-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,5-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin- i -yl]-ethanone; and cis-[rac]-3-[1-Acetyl-4-benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-3-yloxymethyl]-benzonitrile.
 20. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3-nitro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone; and cis-[rac]-1-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-4-(2-fluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone.
 21. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one; cis-[rac]-1-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propan-1-one; and cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-piperidine.
 22. The compound according to claim 1, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-1-ethyl-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(3,4-dichloro-benzyloxy)-1-propyl-piperidine; cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-propane-1,2-diol; cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-3-(4-bromo-benzyloxy)-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-propane-1,2-diol; and cis-[rac]-3-[4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(2,3,4-trifluoro-benzyloxy)-piperidin-1-yl]-methane sulfonyl.
 23. A compound represented by formula (II):

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 2; X is halogen; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, sulfonyl, lower alkyl, and lower alkyl substituted by carbonyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxy; and R₁₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alkenyl having from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. The compound of claim 23, wherein n is
 1. 25. The compound of claim 23, wherein X is chloro.
 26. The compound of claim 23, wherein X is a para substituent.
 27. The compound of claim 23, wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —COCH₃, —COCH₂CH₃, —CH₂CHOHCH₂OH, and —SO₂CH₃.
 28. The compound of claim 23 wherein R₁₂ is selected from the group consisting of —(CH₂)₃CH₃, —(CH₂)₄CH₃, —CH₂CH═CHCH₃, and —CH₂CH═CH CH₂CH₃.
 29. The compound according to claim 23, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-butyloxy-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-pentyloxy-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(but-2-en)yloxy-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-(pent-2-enyl)oxy-piperidine.
 30. The compound according to claim 23, wherein, the compound is selected from the group consisting of: cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-butyloxy-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-pentyloxy-piperidine; cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(but-2-en)yloxy-piperidine; and cis-[rac]-4-Benzyloxy-4-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-(pent-2-enyl)oxy-piperidine.
 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 23 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 33. A method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the cancer is breast or colon cancer.
 35. A method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim
 23. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the cancer is breast or colon cancer. 